Infection Control In Dental Practice

Name : Nadia

NIM : 221051059

Prodi : D3 Kesehatan Gigi class B

               Infection Control In Dental Practice

 ABSTRACT

Background: Dental infection control and occupational safety in dental practice are needed to control the transmission of infectious diseases between patients, dentists, dental assistants, dental nurses, dental technicians, students and volunteers. Many patients are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and other communicable diseases without knowing them themselves, so all patients are treated as potentially infectious. The aim is To minimize and prevent iatrogenic, nosocomial infection or exposure to blood and other infectious materials in the workplace, Standard Precautions for Dentistry must be followed. The principles of standard precautions include hand washing, use of protective barriers, healthcare waste management, proper handling and disposal of needles and sharps, effective cleaning, decontamination and sterilization of equipment, instruments, and the environment, and use of appropriate disinfectants. All dental health workers are also advised to vaccinate against HBV. Conclusion: Dental health service providers must be responsible for providing care to patients without infecting or infecting the patient.

• Periodontal infection

Manifestations of periodontal infection is periodontitis. Mild periodontitis is characterized by inflammation of the gingiva (gingivitis) and gingival pockets (gum pockets), which are formed due to damage to the attachment gingiva (loss of gum attachment) with tooth root. Meanwhile, severe periodontitis is characterized by progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone (alveolar bone loss) which causes loose teeth and falls out easily. The severity of periodontitis is positively correlated with poor oral hygiene, namely the presence of bacterial plaque deposits on subgingival tartar (in deep pockets).

 Periodontics is a disease that affects most humans, but often this disease is not diagnosed because it does not cause complaints (Lourbakos dkk, 2001; Figdor 2002). Loos dkk. (2000) reported that approximately 15% of adults aged 21-50 years and 30% of people over 50 years suffer from severe periodontitis.

All individuals without unless you have had periodontitis mild or moderate, in childhood a time of growth and change teeth are always accompanied by gingivitis, during puberty hormonal changes occur and are often accompanied by gingivitis. The prevalence of periodontitis increases with age, and poor oral hygiene is a major risk factor for periodontitis.

Periodontitis occurs because exposure of the periodontium to dental plaque, a bacterial mass containing more than 1-2 x 10 bacteria/gram. Very dental plaque complex, there are more than 400 species bacteria found in dental plaque, however suspected to be pathogenic periodontists there are approximately 10 types. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Bacteroides forsythus is the most common type of bacteria often seen in periodontitis (Scannapieco, 1998; Kadowaki dkk., 2000; Vojdani, 2000; Lourbakos dkk., 2001).

Microorganisms in the periodontal tissue microenviromental opportunistic. Periodontal tissue has a defense mechanism against injury in the form of a natural and adaptive immune response. Periodontal microorganisms may be present in commensal harmony with host, an episode of disease occurs when there is a shift in the ecological (favorable to the microorganism) balance within the periodontal microenvironment (subgingival) complex.

cr; Cleveland Clinic

• Infection control in dentistry

Dental treatment can cause soft tissue trauma that allows blood to mix with saliva. In 2003, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Hospital Infection Control Practice Advisory Committee (HICPAC) introduced standard precautions. In 2003, the CDC published guidelines on training in self-protection of dental personnel, prevention of transmission of bloodborne pathogens (including management in case of exposure), hand hygiene, contact dermatitis and latex hypersensitivity, tool sterilization and disinfection, environmental infection control, dental unit waterways, biofilms, water quality, radiology, asepsis techniques, disposable devices, oral surgical procedures, handling of biopsy specimens, dental lab infection control, tuberculosis and evaluation programs.

Standard precautions consist of two, namely standard precautions and transmission based precautions. that is, standard precautions applied to all patients are designed to reduce the risk of transmission of microorganisms from known and unknown sources of infection (blood, body fluids, excretions and secretions). This prevention is applied to all patients regardless of diagnosis or definite infection status.

Basic precautions include hand washing, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), management of health care waste, handling and proper disposal of needles and sharps. Hand washing is the main disease prevention measure for health workers. Hands must be washed carefully with liquid disinfectant soap, dried with a paper towel once used before putting on and after removing gloves.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) consists of protective clothing, gloves, surgical masks, goggles. Dentists and dental nurses must use PPE to protect themselves against foreign objects, splashes and aerosols that come from treatment procedures, especially when scaling (manual and ultrasonic), using rotating instruments, syringes, cutting or adjusting orthodontic wires and cleaning tools and equipment. Staff should wear respiratory filter masks when caring for patients with TB infection

•  Prevention of contamination of water sources, cleaning and disinfection of surfaces

Microorganisms, blood and saliva from the mouth can enter the dental unit's waterways during treatment. The handpiece, ultrasonic scaler and water/air syringe must be operated for a minimum of 20-30 seconds after treatment for each patient to flush the material out. Even a tool that has been equipped with an anti-retraction valve, flush the appropriate tool for a minimum of 20-30 seconds. The surface of the dental unit can be a site for accumulation of infectious material. All surfaces susceptible to contamination with body fluids or other infectious material including light switches and seat controls must be covered with a single-use waterproof protective layer. At each change of patient, the protective coating is changed and the surface of the dental unit is cleaned. The floor covering must be easy to clean and the area must be well ventilated. Effective disinfectant fluids are dilution iodophors, chlorine, synthetic phenolics.

• Decontamination of impressions, prostheses and radiology of dentistry

All impressions and prostheses should be flushed with running water to remove any contamination and disinfected before being sent to the dental laboratory (see manufacturer's recommendations). The technician must use gloves when handling the mold and making the model. Taking radiographs of patients must use a protective plastic covering the intra-oral film, gloves in placing the film, film and tube holders, in selecting and taking pictures. Tube heads and surfaces must be disinfected and bite bars and film holders must be sterilized.

cr;Aesthethic Dental Care

cr;Springer Link

• Protection of health workers

Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is highly recommended for all dental personnel including dentists, dental nurses, assistants, dental hygienists, students. Protection is also provided against diseases such as Tuberculosis, Varicella, Poliomyelitis, Measles, Mumps, diphtheria and tetanus. Women of childbearing age who are not pregnant and have not been immunized are also immunized against Rubella. Rubella vaccination is prohibited from being given before pregnancy.

Good ventilation is needed in arranging a room not only to regulate a comfortable room temperature and eliminate odors or chemical vapors. Fans may not be used indoors. The use of air filtration is used for rooms that do not have a ventilation system. In addition, filtered air is circulated to other areas or re-circulated in rooms without ventilation systems. Rubber dams should be used to prevent splashing of blood or saliva and aerosols where possible because of their advantages. The type of rubber dam used is the non-latex type.

Reclosure of the syringe must be done by closing technique with one hand (bayonet technique), do not hold sharp instruments at sharp ends. Needles must not be bent, cut, capped, removed from single use syringes or manipulated by hand prior to disposal.

• Infection control measures must be based on clinical procedures to be performed and not based on the patient's infectious disease status. The type of PPE used is based on logical risk anticipation and the procedures to be planned. If there is no aerosol/splash contamination during treatment, simply wear gloves and a mask. If the treatment uses a handpiece, syringe, or ultrasonic scaler, then we must wear PPE such as protective clothing, masks, goggles and gloves.

Infection control and work safety training should be given to dental students, dentists, health workers in the field of dentistry. The patient's medical history is needed to understand the medical complications that can occur during treatment, the existence of special needs and the safest treatment plan and to increase the patient's trust in the dentist who treats him. Personal hygiene, tidiness, cleanliness of the clinic area and trained and professional actions play a role in influencing the patient's perception of the care that will be provided by the dentist.

Based on these things, it can be interpreted that health workers including dentists and staff are responsible for providing services to patients without contracting and transmitting disease to patients and the environment. Every patient must be considered potentially infectious and standard precautions must be applied. Infection control through the sterilization process is an important component in the infection control process and patient safety. The sterilization process and setting the right practice can result in a more efficient sterilization process, minimize environmental contamination, reduce errors, keep equipment sterile and patient and staff safety.

cr;E-Journal UNSRAT

• conclusion

toxic periodontal infection easily spreads to the systemic blood circulation and induces an inflammatory response and tissue damage in other organs of the body. This is thought to explain the role of periodontal infection in various threatening fatal systemic diseases life. Therefore, Practitioners Dentistry should be placing control of periodontal infection as an emergency measure.

cr;Basic expectations for safe care modules/CDC